Congenital Pulmonary Malformation Spectrum

1. Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM)- rare abnormality of lung development

Type1: variable sized cysts, 2-10cm

Type2: uniform cysts less than 2cm

Type3: small cysts less than 0.5cm and appears grossly solid

• Solid echogenic lung mass
•  Mixed, cystic and solid mass
•  No systemic feeding vessel

2. Bronchopulmonary Sequestration- Non-functioning pulmonary tissue is not in normal continuity, has blood supply.

• Well-defined, homogenous
• Echogenic wedge-shaped pulmonary mass

- Ass with: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, vertebral anomalies, bronchogenic cyst

3. Congenital High Airway Obstruction (CHAOS)

• Bilateral symmetrically enlarged echogenic lungs
• Dilated fluid-filled trachea
• Flattened or everted diaphragms

- Ass with: Ascites, hydrops, oligo/polyhydramnios

4. Congenital Diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)

• Abdominal circumference is often small
• Left liver lobe herniates into chest
• Peristalsis of bowel in chest

- ASS with: Congenital heart disease, chromosomal abnormalities